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--- people:mckenzie:videos [2019/05/02 20:25]
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+++ people:mckenzie:videos [2021/10/22 15:51] (current)
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+**Cost, Revenue, Profit**
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MgX-8rqKPcs|Cost/revenue/profit 1]], [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Pi5re75W30|Cost/revenue/profit 2]], [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lMEdBbl4e-M|Cost/revenue/profit 3 ]]
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=27ZPoVpBYk8|Demand function and cost function]]
+For a little later in the unit: [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=itkoiNNxNa4|Marginal Revenue, Average Cost, Profit, Price & Demand Function]]
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rCNybo7FT2I|Economics summary of cost, revenue and profit]]
+----
+**Logarithms, Exponential and e
+**
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w1A2ZYmfGco|Graphing 2^x and log base 2 of x]]
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_-x90wGBD8U|Explaining Euler's number e, the natural log base]]
+**Compound interest, present and future value**
+Doubling something (after 1 year, say) is what we call 100% growth. Interest is generally paid at a much smaller amount. This video begins first with 100% growth, so the growth of the ball is easy to draw. This way the lecturer can get you to "e". He then goes on to show a more reasonable growth rate r. First, some background on e:
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BuN-TmwGgPs|The History of e]]
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R0oUeLQIbIk|Where does e come from?]]
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTfHn9Aj7UM|Understanding the number e (exponential growth)]].
+This last one is a good presentation of the several types of problems seen in finding present and future value when interest of an investment or loan is compounded. The lecturer uses the variable //A// for // F// for future value. For //F// I used //P//(//t//) to show the it is a function of time, and //Po// for present value.
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4EpI7UbQvUI|Compound interest, present and future value problems]]
+----
+**Limits**
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UkjgJQaGx98|Finding limits from a graph]] (This is one of his rougher videos, but well explained.)
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v_Nz6UUQ4HQ|Evaluate limits using properties, Ex 1]]
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3d7qLvgZp0s|Evaluate limits using properties, Ex 2]]
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KeAgfb3NZLc|More techniques for evaluating limits, Ex 3]] (gives a little jump on continuity)
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gSWvhY5pE1w|Ex 4 involving radicals]]
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WVj284EvgBI|Ex 5 also with radicals]]
+-O IMPORTANT [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-vwcLvb9A0s|Infinite limits]] in which a function goes to positive infinity or negative infinity as x approaches a:
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t42kTc1BO_w|Ex 6 involving rational expressions]]
+-) Optional, good insight, might actually help you better understand the actual limits we have done:
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G0ax2x2_Em0|Precise definition of limit]]
+----
+**Continuity**
+//Main idea//:   A function //f//(//x//) is continuous at //x// = //a// if //f//(//a//) exists and if limit of //f//(//x//) as //x// approaches //a// is equal to //f//(//a//).
+First, check these helpful videos on graphing piecewise functions by Patrick, if you need them:
+[[http://patrickjmt.com/evaluating-piecewise-defined-functions/|Graph a piecewise fcn 1]] and [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hDNAVh0VtTc|Graph a piecewise fcn 2]]
+Patrick discusses limits and the relationship to continuity. Watch for the important ideas, as we will discuss at length.
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hlorAjS0xWE|Continuity and limits made easy]]
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VUEM6vWJvE4|Discontinuities in a function (piecewise)]]
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YOuiXpLqDr0|More inspecting for discontinuities of a piecewise function]]
+----
+**Derivatives**
+//Instantaneous rate of change of a function at point via the difference quotient (DQ)//
+The numerical slope of a tangent line at some point of a function is //derived// from the function itself by means of the //difference quotient//. The function that describes the behavior of the slope of the tangent line at //any// point along the graph of a function is called the "derivative function" (or simply, the "derivative").
+This function we will soon see is the //marginal cost function//.
+We evaluate a derivative function at a given //x// (say, //x// = //a//), we find the instantaneous rate of change of the function at that point.
+-o This is an essential video: [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2wH-g60EJ18|Difference quotient (DQ) and the definition of derivative]]
+Here is the process: [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1O5NEI8UuHM|Finding derivative with DQ, Ex 1]]
+and [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v5P4y0OkED4|Finding derivative with DQ, Ex 2]]
+Here are examples for finding equation l of line tangent to f(x) at a given point:
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ydHzk5zWd4I| Ex 1]], [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g8vAXGamm5c|Ex 2]], [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uataz2hvNks|Ex 3]] and [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oT6EcJkgFAg| Ex 4]]
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=64mxT6b6qz4|Longer example of finding equation of tangent line]]
+A practical application from the laws of physics (motion): [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pFeuGMMiZWw|Relationship between displacement, velocity and acceleration]]
+----
+**Derivative Rules, Properties and Examples**
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=54KiyZy145Y|Power rule examples]]
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZrM29f9nSY|Proof of product rule]]
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jxxzbMxihjQ|Proof of quotient rule]]
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=04TYy38MGmw|Derivative of an exponential fcn with base a]]
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3BvBBKox2KY|Derivative of a log fcn with base a]]
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_00HzDn7pzg|Proof of chain rule]] The lecturer uses Leibniz notation dy/dx. There's a little fudging where on u(x) and g(x) being the same, but he says so.
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uPCjqfT0Ixg|Product rule examples]]
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K3MxofAF-9o|Quotient rule examples]]
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6kScLENCXLg|Chain rule explained by Patrickmjt]]
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-_7td0mDbQs|Ex of chain rule for radical function]]
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G2ZXpbMukEQ|Ex of chain rule for natural log function]]
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fmKqJ69YaTk|Many great examples of chain rule involving ln[u(x)] ]]
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OvkZCZIGbQM|A couple more]]
+----
+While you are not responsible for the proofs, only the rules, you ought to see where the formulas come from. They rely on d/dx notation, implicit methods, and log properties, as well as limit process. None of these are difficult. They are short and very clear.
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xWa54_-CCG8|Proof of derivative of exponential function (base e)]]
+This proof requires [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0yiJmth1OAk|a result]] from a proof that uses a trig graph (i.e., not in the 'scope' of this course, but not hard either.
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F0pV2sp3hfE|Proof of derivative of natural log function]]
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1rUcN5zQsKA|Proof of derivative of exponential function (base a)]]
+----
+**Implicit differentiation**
+----
+Implicit differentiation method often lets us find rates of change of one variable with respect to another even if there is no explicit function present. For example, the circle isn't a function, but its tangents are of interest to us, especially where they fail to exist. Differentiating the equation without solving for either of its branches (top or bottom semicircle) is handy using ID.
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YMFzh2wiOgM|Implicit differentiation (ID)]]
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E0ZkDGVwW58}|More ID examples]]
+(Go to 3:30 for example that involves non-trig equation)
+----
+**Related rates**
+One dimension (x) changes with respect to time (t), causing a related dimension (y) also to change with respect to time.
+For example, area A of a circle is a function of its radius r; if r changes with time, then area changes also with respect to radius and ultimately time. We note the basic equation for this: dA/dt = (dA/dr)(dr/dt).  The videos demonstrate this.
+[Note: Videos by Krista, like Patrick's, are clear and no frills. Both convey mathematics methods effectively!]
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vi5KBiXg0Co&t=61s|Implicit differentiation and related rates]]
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Smy0gKAmQFI|Related rates 1: Area of circle and changing radius rate]]
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=61IeE0zWyeg|Related rates 2: Area of triangle and changing side length rate]]
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZAgFwsOxSgU&ebc=ANyPxKpF7KVlqcUceTkPi1ywila98tuE0tftGBxDMHXPcEJG_UtsBmkCnU9Zj6bAVLHlQVl2VImksjyNHGERyLHiQjkxNdisEw|Related rates 3: Ladder sliding down the wall problem]]
+And finally, a video on related rates that applies to a business application:
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bOtfUk-R0XA|Cost and profit with respect to time]]
+----
+**Critical numbers**
+A critical number f(x) is that value of x (call it 'c') in the domain of f where EITHER f'(x) = 0 OR where f'(x) does not exist.
+Finding the critical numbers of a function is the first step to applying the first and second derivative tests, by which we examine where functions attain local extremes, the intervals where the function is increasing or decreasing, intervals of concavity and points of inflection. We use these skills to sketch the curves of functions and so examine what kind of behavior a function models.
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dZF4TbYvTM4|Finding critical numbers of a fcn]]
+There are many more videos on the HW page for this topic.
+**First and second derivative tests**
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GIpN6OoXmN4|First derivative test]]
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nJM3EuFVL1I|Second derivative test and concavity]]
+----
+**Curve sketching with calculus**
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o2I3lajJklE|Examples first and second derivative test to graph functions]]
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c1N8zyVhWxM|Graphing a polynomial]]
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zDI_cSQJjBg|Graphing a rational function]]
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b-CydtdDYD8|Graphing another rational function]]
+----
+**Optimization**
+Optimization problems dealing with geometry:
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zq7g1nc2MJ8|Fence problem 1]]
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-SQirLL_pqU|Fence problem 2]]
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_oS_LjKse38|Box problem]]
+----
+More optimization: Wherein n = number of price reductions or increases. Notice I prefer n to the book's x for this variable, as we are used to x being quantity of sales.
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mg_C1kBxF-k|Computer software sales]]
+There are two examples done on this video. The first should be enough, and I like that it gives a graph as  I did for the lamp sales problem today. The whole idea of graphing the upside down parabola and asking what its max and its y-intercept indicate is very important. (By the way, on the video's first problem, the y-intercept shown is incorrect, as it is definitely not the case that n = 0 price reductions would mean $0 revenue; but more about that in class).
+Here's a similar one.
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R_ItOGnP9S0|The hot dog problem]]
+Finally, one where we have to come up with the price function (called the "demand function" here), to create the revenue function:
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z95AIR0lWwY|Optimizing revenue given two points of data]]
+----
+**Multivariate functions**
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CCsFt2j7XGU|Multivariable functions ]] up to 9:45
+**Partial differentiation**
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rnoToCoEK48|Partial derivatives]]
+----
+Local max and min of a function of two variables f(x,y)
+In three-space, we find critical points essentially same as we do in two-space, but to determine if they are max, min, or saddle points, //we have no first derivative test//. Rather, we go straight to a second derivative test after finding critical values.
+As you watch this be aware of the following:
+. Calculation of partial derivatives
+. Solving for critical numbers, which generally entails solving a simply linear system, but sometimes a non-linear one, and even discarding some values (Theorem 28.1).
+. Employing the SDT for f(x,y) (Theorem 28.2).
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yirl8OvO3tU|Critical points and second derivative test for local max and min of multi-variable function f(x,y)]]
+----
+Lagrange multipliers for solving problems in optimization with a constraint:
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B7jYcrokjS4&t=1059s|Prof. Kumar shows Lagrange multiplier method of solving optimization w/constraint]]
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xIqUzKsjyXM|Lagrange Method with Krista Ex 1]] and [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BA-k5LCrk3M&t=3s|Lagrange Method with Krista Ex 2]]
+----
+**Elasticity**
+First, watch the excellent presentation that explains the overall picture, NO CALCULUS, explained by an economics professor in a very accessible way.
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J82_xd5XxXg|Prof Tarrok's Elasticity of Demand]]
+Second, the formulas explained and worked problems [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L4O717TIZp8| OHM Elasticity 1]] and [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cwNuY8ICH8g| OHM Elasticity 2]], and note that the demand function is labeled D(x), but it means the same as q(p), which we use in class.
+----
+**Antiderivatives (indefinite integrals)**
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=US8p_qO4Or8&feature=youtu.be|Antiderivatives and indefinite integration]]
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y7S3HZpzURc&feature=youtu.be|Examples of basic indefinite integration]]
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mt8MudH3BgI|Antiderivative with initial conditions (finding a particular F(x))]]
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=brNADtx8Qu8|Displacement, velocity, acceleration example]]
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NFndmzYqbVA|u-substitution]]
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FaxUI22Ju5M|Examples of simple substitution]]
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dqaDSlYdRcs|Integration by parts]]
+----
+**Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (FTC) and Definite Integrals**
+The area under the curve f(x) represents the //accumulation// of that function on a stated interval.
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FsC3do74UIo| Prof Dave on Integration as Area under a Curve]]
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NLU9U8-wJrM| Prof Dave on Fundamental Theorem of Calculus]]
+And a more rigorous version:
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mhb0epc6aFk|FTC: rigorous version]]
+Here are examples:
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rCWOdfQ3cwQ|Example 0 of finding definite integral]]
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gjI2QEWUymo|Example 1 of finding a definite integral (polynomial and power rule)]]
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zGGI4PkHzhI|Example 2 of finding a definite integral (log and IBP)]]
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E6VLoKoJWXY|Examples 3 and 4 (two more IBP)]]
+----
+**Riemann Sum and the Definite Integral**
+----
+Further understanding of this construct of area under the curve and the definite integral is found in the notion of the Riemann sum:
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gi8_a7NlKAQ|Riemann sum to approximate the area under curve on interval [a, b]]]
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LkdodHMcBuc&list=PLECD6CD1B292B9015|Definition of definite integral via Riemann Sum]]
+----
+**Improper integrals**
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=85-HNJyuyrU|Improper integrals basic idea]]
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KvC4XyayEC0|Improper integrals continues ]]
+----
+**Applications of the definite integral**
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DRFyNHdVgUA|Finding area between two curves]]
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3BxBjhsoF6o|Average value of a function 1]]
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=62Lj-g5owgo|Average value of a function 2]]
+[[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=brNADtx8Qu8|Position, velocity and acceleration]]
+Finally, [[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5448-JPoRTA&t=125s|Present and future value of a continuous income stream]]
+The easy way to remember which formula gets the multiplier is to note that, since, PV < FV, present value lacks the multiplier that future value has. No need to overthink that one.
+What is the usefulness of Present Value? It's a tool for comparing what you would make if you were to hold on to your business vs if you sell it right now and invest the money you are given.

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